The declassification and public release of the US Senate Armed Services Committee's report Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in US Custody (part 1, part 2) has confirmed the following, some of which has long been suspected:
- The torture used against detainees held in USA custody was culled from the interrogation practices of regimes notorious for its abuse of detainees.
- The same policies provided the framework for the torture and abuse of detainees held in Guantanamo Bay, Iraq (e.g. Abu Ghraib), Afghanistan, and secret sites throughout the world.
- Harsh interrogation practices were planned and probably used before there was (dubious) legal approval to engage in them.
- Torture and abuse was used to both extract intelligence and confirm claims made by the Bush administration about the justification for the invasion and occupation of Iraq.
The Origin of the Torture
We used torture methods that our past enemies used on us:
According to the report, the road to the abuses began in December 2001, just three months after the Sept. 11 terror attacks. The Pentagon's general counsel office reached out that month to a military agency that trains American personnel in how to endure enemy interrogations.
The legal office wanted information about how the training unit, the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency, conducted mock interrogations and detention operations. The agency trains U.S. armed forces personnel to endure abusive treatment similar to methods used by North Korean, Communist Chinese and Vietcong interrogators. (emphasis mine) (link)
It should be noted that the North Korean, Communist Chinese and Vietcong interrogators used torture to extract intelligence and to "confirm" false information in the form of confessions. Readers will see the US analogue below.
The torture involved "sleep deprivation, physical violence and waterboarding."
Systemic Policies
Contrary to the spin of the Bush administration, the torture and abuse wasn't isolated, episodic and unofficial. It was pervasive, frequent, and sanctioned:
Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., the committee's chairman, said the report shows that abuse of prisoners was sweeping and not, as former Bush administration defense official Paul Wolfowitz once said, the result of "a few bad apples." As the No. 2 defense official, Wolfowitz was a major architect of the Iraq war.
"Authorizations of aggressive interrogation techniques by senior officials resulted in abuse and conveyed the message that physical pressures and degradation were appropriate treatment," Levin said. (link)
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Sen. Carl M. Levin (D-Mich.), chairman of the committee, said the new findings show a direct link between the early policy decisions and the highly publicized abuses of detainees at prisons such as Abu Ghraib in Iraq. (emphasis mine) (link)
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Once [the harsh interrogation methods] were accepted, the methods became the basis for harsh interrogations not only in CIA secret prisons, but also in Defense Department internment camps at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and in Afghanistan and Iraq, the report said. (link)
Think of the "underlings" who went to jail over the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse when they were acting within the context of extant policy. Of course, their actions were still illegal and they deserved consequences for them. "Just following orders" is no legal or moral defense. Nevertheless, these individuals were scapegoated for those above them who either directly ordered or created the policy context for their actions.
Harsh Interrogation Plans before Approval
As if "legal" approval for the harsh interrogation techniques was forthcoming as a matter of course, plans were made to use them before there was official approval to do so:
Intelligence and military officials under the Bush administration began preparing to conduct harsh interrogations long before they were granted legal approval to use such methods -- and weeks before the CIA captured its first high-ranking terrorism suspect, Senate investigators have concluded.
Previously secret memos and interviews show CIA and Pentagon officials exploring ways to break Taliban and al-Qaeda detainees in early 2002, up to eight months before Justice Department lawyers approved the use of waterboarding and nine other harsh methods, investigators found. (emphasis mine) (link)
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The report also repeats, but does not confirm, long-held suspicions that the interrogation of Abu Zubaida became coercive before the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel issued a memo on Aug. 1, 2002, sanctioning the use of 10 escalating techniques, culminating in waterboarding. (link)
It's reasonable to wonder if the early plans to use harsh interrogations techniques, including torture, weren't instigated by a higher authority. Further investigation is needed in this area.
Torture for Confirmation
Torture was used both to try to extract what the detainees knew but also what the Bush administration wanted to hear:
The Bush administration applied relentless pressure on interrogators to use harsh methods on detainees in part to find evidence of cooperation between al Qaida and the late Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's regime, according to a former senior U.S. intelligence official and a former Army psychiatrist.
Such information would've provided a foundation for one of former President George W. Bush's main arguments for invading Iraq in 2003. In fact, no evidence has ever been found of operational ties between Osama bin Laden's terrorist network and Saddam's regime.…
A former senior U.S. intelligence official familiar with the interrogation issue said that Cheney and former Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld demanded that the interrogators find evidence of al Qaida-Iraq collaboration.
"There were two reasons why these interrogations were so persistent, and why extreme methods were used," the former senior intelligence official said on condition of anonymity because of the issue's sensitivity.
"The main one is that everyone was worried about some kind of follow-up attack (after 9/11). But for most of 2002 and into 2003, Cheney and Rumsfeld, especially, were also demanding proof of the links between al Qaida and Iraq that (former Iraqi exile leader Ahmed) Chalabi and others had told them were there." (link)
Since torture is roundly condemned as a reliable method to get true information, the question naturally arises: why did the Bush administration sanction the use of torture? I believe the administration was counting precisely on what makes torture unreliable as method of garnering the truth: viz., torture victims are inclined to tell you what you want to hear to make the torture stop. If you know that the links between the former Iraqi government and al Qaida are non-existent or tenuous at best (likewise if you know that the presence of WMD in Iraq is a highly dubious claim), then you might want to hedge your bets by torturing detainees into making a false confessions to provide some "evidence" for your claims.
Given that torture tends to produce the kind of evidence the torturer wants to hear, don't be surprised if the reason why former Vice President Dick Cheney wants the content of these interrogation sessions released is because they do contain false confessions that, if accepted uncritically, would lend support for justifying the invasion and occupation of Iraq.